Translation

Hex frames and examples follow the Chinese source where noted. For wording aligned with the original Chinese edition, see docs/modbus-overview.mdx.

Modbus protocol overview

• Modbus is a serial fieldbus protocol, a de-facto standard for industrial devices. This page summarizes the protocol.

Introduction

• Modbus is an application-layer fieldbus. It is independent of the physical medium and runs over RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, TCP/IP, and more.
• Common framing modes include Modbus ASCII, Modbus RTU, and Modbus TCP.
• On serial links you choose RTU or ASCII. RTU is compact binary with a CRC; ASCII encodes each byte as two ASCII characters and uses an LRC checksum.
• On Ethernet, Modbus TCP wraps the PDU without the serial CRC (integrity is handled by TCP/IP).
• Modbus is master–slave and request/response. Slaves respond to the master. Only one master request is in flight at a time: master transmit → slave reply; if the master is silent, the bus is idle.

ADU and PDU

A complete Modbus frame is an Application Data Unit (ADU); It wraps a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) independent of the physical layer.

The figure shows the ADU/PDU relationship. A complete Modbus RTU ADU looks like:

<---------   ADU   ---------->
01  05  00  00  FF  00  DD  FA
    <----  PDU   ---->

Frame = slave address (1 B) + function code (1 B) + data (N B) + checksum (2 B).

Name	Role
Slave address	Target slave (1–247)
Function code	Operation (e.g. read coils / read holding regs)
Data	Parameters (start address, quantity, …)
Checksum	Error detection (CRC / LRC)

01: Slave address
05: FC 0x05 — write single coil
00 00 FF 00: PDU — coil address 0x0000, value 0xFF00 (ON)
DD FA: CRC (example bytes)

This example writes coil 1 ON for slave 0x01. The following PDU discussion omits the serial CRC (ADU-specific).
The typical transaction is shown below: the master (client) sends a request; the slave (server) executes and replies, or returns an exception if an error occurs; The master interprets responses to verify success or failure.

Modbus transaction (no error)

Modbus transaction (exception response)

For request 05 00 00 FF 00, a normal response echoes the same PDU bytes; an illegal-data case might return 85 03. Below is the full RTU ADU (address + PDU + CRC).

Request: 01 05 00 00 FF 00 8C 3A
Normal response: 01 05 00 00 FF 00 8C 3A
Exception response: 01 85 03 02 91

Normal response: response FC equals request FC.
Exception response: exception FC = request FC + 0x80.
Exception codes are one byte. Common codes:

Code	Name	Description
0x01	Illegal function	Function not supported
0x02	Illegal data address	Invalid data address
0x03	Illegal data value	Invalid data value or operation
0x04	Server failure	Server device failure
0x05	Acknowledge	Acknowledged; processing
0x06	Device busy	Slave is busy and cannot execute

The diagram below illustrates server-side handling: receive → validate FC → validate address → validate data → execute or return an exception.

Modbus transaction state diagram

Data types

Modbus defines four primary tables, often denoted 0x, 1x, 3x, and 4x.

Table	Range	Data type	Access	FC	Typical use
Coils	0x0000–0xFFFF	Bit (1 bit)	R/W	01h, 05h, 0Fh	Relays / DO
Discrete inputs	1x0000–1xFFFF	Bit (1 bit)	R	02h	Buttons / switches
Input registers	3x0000–3xFFFF	Word (16 bit)	R	04h	Sensors / analog inputs
Holding registers	4x0000–4xFFFF	Word (16 bit)	R/W	03h, 06h, 10h	Setpoints / analog outputs

Note: PLC addressing often uses 5-digit forms (e.g. 40001). On the wire registers are 0-based, so PLC address = protocol address + 1.

0x = coils (DO), 1x = discrete inputs (DI), 3x = input registers (AI), 4x = holding registers (AO).
Each table is independent; use the matching FCs to access each type.

Modbus data model

Function codes

Many function codes exist; the table below lists the most common read/write operations.

FC	Description
01	Read coils	Read coils
02	Read discrete inputs	Read Discrete Inputs
03	Read holding registers	Read holding registers
04	Read input registers	Read input registers
05	Write single coil	Write single coil
06	Write single register	Write single register
0F	Write multiple coils	Write multiple coils
10	Write multiple registers	Write multiple holding registers

0x01 Read coils

This FC reads 1–2000 consecutive coils. The request supplies the start address (first coil) and quantity.
Coil numbering is zero-based (human “coil 1” → address 0).

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x01
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000 ~ 0xFFFF
Quantity	2 bytes	1 ~ 2000(0x7D0)

• Response

Coils are packed one bit per coil; 1 = ON, 0 = OFF.
The first data byte’s LSB is the first addressed output; further bits follow within the byte, then the next bytes, LSB-first.
If the coil count is not a multiple of 8, the final byte is zero-padded toward the MSB. The byte count field states how many data bytes follow.

FC	1 byte	0x01
Byte count	1 byte	N*
Coil data	N bytes	n = N or N+1

note

*N = ceil(coil_count / 8)

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x81
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example

This example reads coils 20 through 38.
Request: 01 01 00 13 00 13 8C 02

01: Slave address
01: FC 0x01 (read coils)
00 13: Start address (hex 0x0013 = 19, +1 human numbering = coil 20)
00 13: Quantity (19 coils = coil 20 through 38)
8C 02: CRC

Response: 01 01 03 CD 6B 05 42 82

01: Slave address
01: FC 0x01 (read coils)
03: Byte count (19 coils = 3 bytes: 2 full bytes + 3 bits + 5 padding bits)
CD: Coils 27–20 (1100 1101)
6B: Coils 35–28 (0110 1011)
05: Coils 38–36 (0000 0101)
42 82: CRC

note

Pad the five unused MSBs of the last byte with 0.

0x02 Read discrete inputs

This FC reads 1–2000 consecutive discrete inputs. The request supplies the start address and quantity.
Discrete inputs are zero-based (human “input 1” → address 0).

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x02
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000 ~ 0xFFFF
Quantity	2 bytes	1~2000(0x7D0)

Discrete inputs are packed one bit per input; 1 = ON, 0 = OFF.
The first data byte’s LSB is the first addressed input; remaining bits follow in the same packing order.
If the input count is not a multiple of 8, the final byte is zero-padded toward the MSB. The byte-count field states the number of complete data bytes.

• Response

FC	1 byte	0x02
Byte count	1 byte	N*
Input data	N bytes	n = N or N+1

note

*N = ceil(input_count / 8)

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x82
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example
  This example reads discrete inputs 197 through 218.
  Request: 01 02 00 C4 00 16 B8 39

01: Slave address
02: FC 0x02 (read discrete inputs)
00 C4: Start address (hex 0x00C4 = 196, +1 human numbering = input 197)
00 16: Quantity (22 bits = inputs 197 through 218)
B8 39: CRC

Response: 01 02 03 AC DB 35 22 88

01: Slave address
02: FC 0x02 (read discrete inputs)
03: Byte count (22 bits = 3 bytes: 2 bytes + 6 bits + 2 padding bits)
CD: Discrete inputs 204–197 (1010 1100)
6B: Discrete inputs 212–205 (0110 1011)
05: Discrete inputs 218–213 (0011 0101)
22 88: CRC

note

Pad the two unused MSBs of the last byte with 0.

0x03 Read holding registers

This FC reads a contiguous block of holding registers. The request specifies the starting register address and quantity.
Holding registers are zero-based (human “register 1” → address 0).

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x03
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000 ~ 0xFFFF
Quantity	2 bytes	1~125(0x7D)

Register data is packed as two bytes per register (high byte first, then low byte).

• Response

FC	1 byte	0x03
Byte count	1 byte	2×N*
Register data	N×2 bytes

note

*N = register count

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x83
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example This example reads registers 108 through 110. Each register is 16 bits (two bytes).
  Request: 01 03 00 6B 00 03 74 17

01: Slave address
03: FC 0x03 (read holding registers)
00 6B: Start address (hex 0x006B = 107, +1 human numbering = register 108)
00 03: Quantity (read 3 registers 108–110)
74 17: CRC

Response: 01 03 06 02 2B 00 00 00 64 05 7A

01: Slave address
03: FC 0x03 (read holding registers)
06: Byte count (3 registers × 2 bytes each = 6 bytes)
02 2B: Register 108 (Hi/Lo)
00 00: Register 109 (Hi/Lo)
00 64: Register 110 (Hi/Lo)
05 7A: CRC

0x04 Read input registers

This FC reads 1–125 consecutive input registers. The request specifies start register and count.
Input registers are zero-based.

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x04
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Quantity	2 bytes	1–125 (0x7D)

Input register data is packed as two bytes per register (high byte first, then low byte).

• Response

FC	1 byte	0x04
Byte count	1 byte	2×N*
Input register values	N×2 bytes

note

*N = Number of input registers

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x84
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example

This example reads input register 9.
Request: 01 04 00 08 00 01 B0 08

01: Slave address
04: FC 0x04 (read input registers)
00 08: Start address (hex 0x0008 = 8, +1 human numbering = input register 9)
00 01: Quantity (read 1 register)
B0 08: CRC

Response: 01 04 02 00 0A 39 37

01: Slave address
04: FC 0x04 (read input registers)
02: Byte count (1 register × 2 bytes = 2 bytes)
00 0A: Register 9 data
39 37: CRC

0x05 Write single coil

This FC writes a single coil ON or OFF. The data field carries the requested state. The PDU addresses the target coil.
Coil addresses are zero-based.
Payload 0xFF00 requests ON; 0x0000 requests OFF. Any other value is illegal and must not change the coil.

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x05
Coil address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Value	2 bytes	0x0000 or 0xFF00

• Response

FC	1 byte	0x05
Coil address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Value	2 bytes	0x0000 or 0xFF00

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x85
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example

This example turns coil 173 ON.
Request: 01 05 00 AC FF 00 4C 1B

01: Slave address
05: FC 0x05 (write single coil)
00 AC: Coil address (hex 0x00AC = 172, +1 human numbering = coil 173)
FF 00: Value to write (**0xFF00** = ON, **0x0000** = OFF)
4C 1B: CRC

Response: 01 05 00 AC FF 00 4C 1B

01: Slave address
05: FC 0x05 (write single coil)
00 AC: Coil address (hex 0x00AC = 172, +1 human numbering = coil 173)
FF 00: Value to write (**0xFF00** = ON, **0x0000** = OFF)
4C 1B: CRC

0x06 Write single register

This FC writes one holding register. The request carries address and value.
Register addresses are zero-based.

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x06
Register address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Register value	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF

• Response

FC	1 byte	0x06
Register address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Register value	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x86
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example

This example writes 0x0003 to register 2.
Request: 01 06 00 01 00 03 98 0B

01: Slave address
06: FC 0x06 (write single register)
00 01: Register address (hex 0x0001 = 1, +1 human numbering = register 2)
00 03: Value written (0x0003)
98 0B: CRC

Response: 01 06 00 01 00 03 98 0B

01: Slave address
06: FC 0x06 (write single register)
00 01: Register address (hex 0x0001 = 1, +1 human numbering = register 2)
00 03: Value written (0x0003)
98 0B: CRC

0x0F Write multiple coils

This FC forces each coil in a sequence ON or OFF; the request specifies start address, quantity, and coil states.
Coil addresses are zero-based.
Coil states are encoded in the data field: bit 1 requests ON, bit 0 requests OFF for each mapped coil.

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x0F
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Coil quantity	2 bytes	0x0001–0x07B0
Byte count	1 byte	N*
Output values	N×1 byte

note

*N = ceil(output_count / 8)

• Response

FC	1 byte	0x0F
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000 ~ 0xFFFF
Quantity	2 bytes	0x0001 ~ 0x07B0

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x8F
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example

This example writes 10 coils starting at coil 20.
Request: 01 0F 00 13 00 0A 02 CD 01 72 CB

01: Slave address
0F: FC 0x0F (write multiple coils)
00 13: Start address (hex 0x0013 = 19, +1 human numbering = coil 20)
00 0A: Number of coils to write (hex 0x0A = 10)
02: Byte count (10 coils = 2 bytes: 1 byte + 2 bits + 6 padding bits)
CD: Coils 27–20 (1100 1101)
01: Coils 29–28 (0100 0001)
72 CB: CRC

Response: 01 0F 00 13 00 0A 24 09

01: Slave address
0F: FC 0x0F (write multiple coils)
00 13: Start address (hex 0x0013 = 19, +1 human numbering = coil 20)
00 0A: Number of coils to write (hex 0x0A = 10)
24 09: CRC

0x10 Write multiple registers

This FC writes 1–123 consecutive holding registers. The PDU contains start address, quantity, and data (two bytes per register).

• Request

FC	1 byte	0x10
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Register quantity	2 bytes	0x0001–0x007B
Byte count	1 byte	2×N*
Register values	N×2 bytes

note

*N = register count

• Response

FC	1 byte	0x10
Start address	2 bytes	0x0000–0xFFFF
Register quantity	2 bytes	0x0001–0x007B

• Exception

Exception FC	1 byte	0x90
Exception code	1 byte	01, 02, 03, 04

• Example

This example writes 0x000A and 0x0102 to registers 2 and 3.
Request: 01 10 00 01 00 02 04 00 0A 01 02 92 30

01: Slave address
10: FC 0x10 (write multiple registers)
00 01: Start address (hex 0x0001 = 1, +1 human numbering = register 2)
00 02: Number of registers to write
04: Byte count (2 registers × 2 bytes each = 4 bytes)
00 0A: Value for register 2
01 02: Value for register 3
92 30: CRC

Response: 01 10 00 01 00 02 10 08

01: Slave address
10: FC 0x10 (write multiple registers)
00 01: Start address (hex 0x0001 = 1, +1 human numbering = register 2)
00 02: Number of registers to write
10 08: CRC

NewLink Modbus module registers

This section lists register usage for NewLink Modbus I/O modules.

Relay outputs

Address (HEX)	Content	Values	Access	Modbus FC
0x0000 … 0x0007	CH1–CH8 relay coils	0xFF00: relay ON; 0x0000: relay OFF	R/W	0x01, 0x05, 0x0F

The table above is the 8-channel relay coil map. 0x addresses are coils (DO); use FC 0x01, 0x05, or 0x0F.

• Read relay state

Request: 01 01 00 00 00 08 3D CC

01: Slave address
01: FC 0x01 (read coils)
00 00: Start address of relays to read
00 08: Number of relays to read
3D CC: CRC

• Control single relay

Request: 01 05 00 00 FF 00 8C 3A

01: Slave address
05: FC 0x05 (write single coil)
00 00: Relay address to operate
FF 00: Value to write
8C 3A: CRC

• Write relay states

Request: 01 0F 00 00 00 08 01 FF BE D5

01: Slave address
0F: FC 0x0F (write multiple coils)
00 00: Start address of relays to operate
00 08: Number of relays to write
01: State byte count
FF: Relay bitmask; each bit maps to one relay
BE D5: CRC

Discrete inputs

Address (HEX)	Content	Values	Access	Modbus FC
1x0000 … 1x0007	CH1–CH8 discrete inputs	State of inputs CH1–CH8	R	0x02

The table above is the 8-channel discrete input map. 1x addresses are discrete inputs (DI); use FC 0x02.

• Read discrete inputs

Request: 01 02 00 00 00 08 79 CC

01: Slave address
02: FC 0x02 (read discrete inputs)
00 00: Start address of discrete inputs to read
00 08: Number of discrete inputs to read
79 CC: CRC

Analog inputs

Address (HEX)	Content	Values	Access	Modbus FC
3x0000 … 3x0007	CH1–CH8 analog input data	Unsigned 16-bit values	R	0x04

The table above is the 8-channel analog input map. 3x addresses are input registers (AI); use FC 0x04.

• Read analog inputs

Request: 01 04 00 00 00 08 F1 CC

01: Slave address
04: FC 0x04 (read input registers)
00 00: Start address of inputs to read
00 08: Input quantity to read
F1 CC: CRC

Analog outputs

Address (HEX)	Content	Values	Access	Modbus FC
4x0000 … 4x0007	CH1–CH8 analog output data	Unsigned 16-bit values	R/W	0x03, 0x06, 0x10

The table above is the 8-channel analog output map. 4x addresses are holding registers (AO); use FC 0x03, 0x06, or 0x10.

• Read holding registers (outputs)

Request: 01 03 00 00 00 08 44 0C

01: Slave address
03: FC 0x03 (read holding registers)
00 00: Start address of outputs to read
00 08: Output quantity to read
44 0C: CRC

• Write single analog output

Request: 01 06 00 00 03 E8 89 74

01: Slave address
06: FC 0x06 (write single register)
00 00: Output register address
03 E8: Data value
89 74: CRC

• Write multiple analog outputs

Request: 01 10 00 00 00 08 10 03 E8 03 E8 03 E8 03 E8 03 E8 03 E8 03 E8 03 E8 3C 05

01: Slave address
10: FC 0x10 (write multiple registers)
00 00: Start address of the first register
00 08: Number of registers to write
10: Output byte count
03 E8: CH1 analog output
…
03 E8: CH8 analog output
3C 05: CRC

Downloads

• Modbus specification (Chinese PDF)
• Modbus specification (English PDF)